The Commonwealth Essay Research Paper Commonwealth was
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ: The Commonwealth Essay, Research Paper Commonwealth: was founded in 1931 as an association of former British colonies, which comitted themselves to world peace, the basic human rights the fight against colonialism.But this goals were not reality, because there were conflicts between C. members (BvsP).The Commonwealth Essay, Research Paper
Commonwealth: was founded in 1931 as an association of former British colonies, which comitted themselves to world peace, the basic human rights the fight against colonialism.But this goals were not reality, because there were conflicts between C. members (BvsP). The problem is that the C. is much more a political than a cultural association. It tries to unite people of very different social stards or income. The only thing that these countries have in common is the same history of British colonialism. Some say that the C. is a useless, old-fashioned body but in reality these pact of states , gives the poorer nations the chance to get technical scientific help from the industrialised western world. The C. is a voluntary association of 49 independent countries. In these countries the English Common law is a model for their judical systems.
The British Empire: was the largest colonial empire in history, it comprised nearly one fifth of the l surface. Engl was the last country to join the colonial powers, but about a century later she became the most important colonizing country. Britain s advantage:*her geographical position as an isl her long tradition as a seafaring nation.*The existence of a modern war fleet, that proved to be superior to galleons of other countries.*the establishment of trading links.*the development of Britain into a modern state, into a nation under a powerful monarch.=British colonialism of the 16th to 19th century pursued economic intersts, they wanted to aim self-sufficiency (economic independence).She sought the colnies that would provide her with precious metals, raw materials, convenient markets, to sell the manufactured products.Trade was the most influental motivation of colonization. It meant profits for the merchants the enrichment of the Crown s treasures.Trade was soon followed by taxation administration.
The first empire:consisted of scattered possesions:Jamaica,Bahamas,Bengal,Gibraltar;Bermudas. The colonies were conquered in wars with France spain. The principal part of the 1E was formed by North American colonies, stretching from the East coast to the caribbean.During the 7 Years war France lost all her Canadian possesions to Engl, the left Engl strong indebted, therefore the tax rate was increase. The colonists answered to the taxation no taxation without representation =they protested in the Boston tea party. The Independence of the US resulted the disruption of the First British Empire.
The Victorian Empire: the existing colonial possesions in Canada, the west Indies India were enlarged.
India Far East meant import of cotton,spice,tea the export of cloth cotton goods.In the 19th century colonies were primarily markets for British goods only of the economic interst for the mother country, developed into the policy of imperialism. Britain enlarged her empire within a century to such an extend. Main causes for the disintegration of the Empire were: *dems for self-government sovereignity *dissatisfaction with British rule reforms *growing nationalism *disagreement between Britain the white minority governments in South Africa. Development: Originally all colonial possesions had the status of Crown colonies(internal external dependence). The crown colony developed into a self-governing colony with internal sovereignity, while defence foreign affairs were still reserved for the mother country. This type of colonyfinally acquired dominion status, a dominion being a completely free nation that owes loyalty to the crown alone.
3rd world: almost all countries in the southern hemispere= developing countries;borderline cases:Taiwan,South Korea,Brazil. North-South divide,hardest hit:African continent, South East Asia. physical features:climate:tropical sub tropical , too hot humid,to dry-droughts in deserts. political features:authoritarian, autocratic regimes,one-party system, radical army-civil wars,disrespect of human rights. social problems:*overpopulation*starvation,malnutrition*low life expectancy *high infant mortality*widespread of diseases epidemics*lack of wate*lack of sanitation *poor housing conditions(slums) *migration from rural to urban areas*worklessness economic problems:*lack of raw materials or natural resources*inadequat infrastructure*lack of technical equipment,no native-born-experts,no spare parts*huge foreign depts*large agricultural sector,small industrial *low prices for goods they export. agricultural problems:*small group of rich l owners millions of poor peasants *destruction of the eco-system:burning tropical forests to gain farml,soil erosion,lack of soil fertility*monocultural farming=cash crops*destruction of self-sufficient economies*misuse of fertilizers, pesticides problem from 3rd world angle:*natural resources are exploited*industrialised countries pay unfair prices -buy raw materials cheap, refine them in their home countries,process them into finished products, sell them on the worl markets at high prices. Rich Countries: dominate world markets, dictate prices, act as if the developing countries still were colonies.1st world:waste,affluence,overproduction 3rd world:starvation poverty.
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