Expressionnism
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ: Экспрессионизм.Movement in fine arts that emphasized the expression of inner experience rather than solely realistic portrayal, seeking to depict not objective reality but the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist.
Expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. In a broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements. Expressionism can also be seen as a permanent tendency in Germanic and Nordic art from at least the European Middle Ages, particularly in times of social change or spiritual crisis, and in this sense it forms the converse of the rationalist and classicizing tendencies of Italy and later of France.
Artistic and literary movement born in the early years of the XXth century. Unlike Impressionism, its goals were not to reproduce the impression suggested by the surrounding world, but to strongly impose the artists own sensibility to the worlds representation. The expressionist artist substitutes to the visul object reality his own image of this object, which he feels as an accurate representation of its real meaning. The search of harmony and forms is not as important as trying to achieve the highest expression intensity, both from the aesthetic point of view and according to idea and human critics.
Expressionism assessed itself mostly in Germany, in 1910, (Mnchen, Dresde, Berlin), as heir of a national trend related to Grnewald: the Wallraf-Richartz museum, in Kln, has the richest collection of this era. As an international movement, expressionism has also been thought of as inheriting from certain medieval artforms and, more directly, Czanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh and the fauvism movement. Gustave Moreau was already saying not to believe to the reality of what he touched or saw, but instead to his own interior perception; expressionism has been holding this theory to its extreme application.
The most famed German expressionists are Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lyonel Feininger, George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein; the Austrian Oskar Kokoschka, the Czech Alfred Kubin and the Norvegian Edvard Munch are also related to this movement. During his stay in Germany, the Russian Kandinsky was also an expressionism addict.
Painters as varied as Georges Rouault, Henry de Waroquier, Marcel Gromaire, Edouard Goerg have also been qualified of ``French expressionists. Other members were, in Belgium, James Ensor, Permecke, Van der Bergue, Servaes were seen as disciples of Jrme Bosch and Bruegel, the Dutch Leo Gestel, the Danish Srensen, the British Lyall Watson. Among the members of the Paris school, Soutine, Pascin and Modigliani have been attached to expressionism.
1921; Forme dart faisant consister la valeur de la reprsentation dans lintensit de lexpression. Lexpressionnisme sest dabord manifest dans la peinture par raction contre limpressionnisme. Lexpressionnisme allemand, flamand. Rouault, Ensor, Munch, Kokoschka, Soutine, reprsentants clbres de lexpressionnisme.
Le terme nouveau dexpressionnisme est venu du mot «expression» pris dans son sens classique de «reprsentation des passions». Si lon se rfre la proposition de Diderot, «on a de lexpression avant davoir de lexcution et du dessin», il ne faut pas stonner que le terme «Expressionismus» ait t propos par la critique allemande, il y a cinquante ans, pour qualifier en gnral toute peinture, mais particulirement celle o la reprsentation des sentiments humains passe avant la rsolution des problmes purement plastiques... Cest un retour une forme sentimentale de Romantisme.
-- M. Raynal, la Peinture moderne.
Par ext. Lexpressionnisme au thtre. Lexpressionnisme allemand est une raction contre lobservation naturaliste. Certaines thories dramatiques de Diderot annoncent lexpressionnisme. Lexpressionnisme dans la mise en scne. --- Lexpressionnisme au cinma.
Dans les jours troubls qui suivirent la dfaite, lexpressionnisme envahit la rue berlinoise, les affiches, le thtre, la dcoration des cafs, les boutiques et les talages (...) Les films doivent devenir des dessins rendus vivants, proclamait alors Herman Warm (...) Lhorreur, le fantastique et le crime dominent lexpressionnisme quon aurait pourtant tort de considrer comme une transition entre le GrandGuignol et la terreur amricaine la Frankenstein (...) Sur le plan technique, lexpressionnisme volua sans perdre son principe : une vision subjective du monde (...) Lemploi expressif de la lumire devint la marque du cinma allemand, expressionniste ou non.
Georges Sadoul, Histoire dun art, le cinma.