Методические рекомендации для самоподготовки к экзамену по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов заочного отделения экономических специальностей
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ: Рецензенты – Емельянова Н. А., кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка для гуманитарных специальностей фия агуФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
АСТРАХАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Методические рекомендации
для самоподготовки к экзамену по дисциплине
«Английский язык»
для студентов заочного отделения экономических специальностей
Составитель Е.В.Варламова
Астрахань
АГУ
2009
ББК 81.2 Англ
В 75
Рецензенты – Емельянова Н.А., кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка для гуманитарных специальностей ФИЯ АГУ;
Кривых Н.И., кандидат педагогических наук, начальник отдела реализации социальных проектов, национальных и международных образовательных программ Министерства образования и науки Астраханской области; Краева С.В., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, декан ФИЯ АГУ
Составитель Е.В.Варламова
Английский язык: методические рекомендации для самоподготовки / сост. Е.В.Варламова. – Астрахань: Издательство АсФ КрУ МВД России, 2009. – 36 с.
Методические рекомендации, составленные Е.В.Варламовой, содержат требования к подготовке и сдаче экзамена по дисциплине «Английский язык», а также справочный материал, являющийся основой данного курса. Методические рекомендации адресованы студентам экономических специальностей, изучающим английский язык в высших учебных заведениях.
© Варламова Е.В., составление, 2009
© АсФ КрУ МВД России, оформление, 2007
ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
Методические рекомендации разработаны для помощи студентам при подготовке к экзамену по окончании курса обучения по английскому языку. Методические рекомендации подготовлены в соответствии с государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования к минимуму содержания и уровню подготовки выпускников по экономическим специальностям, изложенным в Государственном образовательном стандарте высшего профессионального образования, утвержденном Министерством образования Российской Федерации и с учетом требований примерной программы по учебной дисциплине «Английский язык» для образовательных учреждений высшего профессионального образования.
Методические рекомендации определяют содержание и структуру дисциплины «Английский язык» и предназначены для обучения студентов очной и заочной форм обучения.
Курс «Английский язык» выступает одним из важных направлений комплекса гуманитарных наук, ставит своей задачей продолжить у будущих специалистов формирование основ владения английским языком, начатое в средней общеобразовательной школе, заложить основу практического владения языком своей профессии, позволяющую совершенствовать языковую компетенцию. Обучению иностранному языку отводится значительная роль в решении общеобразовательных задач, повышении интеллектуального и культурного уровня.
Методические рекомендации содержат требования к экзамену по английскому языку, перечень тем, общие методические указания по самостоятельной подготовке к экзамену, примерные статьи по специальности экономической тематики, список рекомендуемой и дополнительной литературы для подготовки к экзамену.
В результате изучения дисциплины обучающиеся должны знать:
- базовую лексику языка;
- лексику, представляющую нейтральный научный стиль;
- терминологию широкой и узкой специальности;
- основы публичной речи;
уметь:
- владеть навыками разговорно-бытовой речи;
- уметь читать и переводить со словарем тексты;
- вести беседу по содержанию текстов на английском языке;
- владеть формами профессиональной речи: строить аргументированные высказывания;
В результате изучения дисциплины у обучающихся должны быть сформированы следующие умения и навыки:
- в области чтения: читать и переводить тексты со словарем по широкому и узкому профилю специальности;
- в области устной речи: вести диалог – обмен мнениями, используя оценочные суждения, вести беседу и связно высказываться по данной теме, а также связно передать содержание прочитанных текстов в форме монолога с использованием лексических единиц;
- в области аудирования: воспринимать на слух и понимать в целом высказывания по данной теме, понимать основное содержание кратких текстов и выделять для себя отдельно значимую информацию.
- в области письма: правильно писать слова и словосочетания по теме, письменно оформить и составить письменно сообщение по теме, с использованием усвоенных лексических единиц данной темы.
Экзамен по английскому языку включает в себя следующие задания:
1) Чтение и письменный перевод экономического текста общенаучного содержания (1500 п.зн.) со словарем за 45 минут.
2) Ознакомление с содержанием текста по экономической тематике (15 минут) и изложение содержания текста (1000 п.зн.) на русском языке.
3) Беседа на иностранном языке по следующим темам устной речи:
- О месте, где я живу
- Мой родной город
- Россия
- Великобритания
- Экономика Великобритании
- США
- Экономика США
- Банки
- Типы банков и их экономические функции
- Менеджмент
- Контракт
Общие методические указания
по самостоятельной подготовке к экзамену
Подготовка студентов заочного отделения к экзамену является одним из основных и трудоемких видов учебной деятельности. Эффективность этой деятельности во многом зависит от самостоятельной работы при подготовке к экзамену. В часы самоподготовки необходимо самостоятельно изучить материал. При этом самостоятельную работу необходимо понимать не только как «домашнюю» работу по подготовке к практическому занятию, но и как всю совокупность предшествующих ему занятий:
- изучение задания и методических указаний к практическому занятию по данной теме;
- консультации накануне проведения экзамена и получение индивидуальной методической помощи;
- изучение рекомендованной литературы, работа со справочным материалом, со словарями.
Активное участие студентов в обсуждении рассматриваемых заданий на английском языке предполагает умение внимательно слушать своих товарищей, анализировать содержание и форму этих сообщений, давать им объективную оценку. Получив задание, постарайтесь осмыслить его содержание, и после этого приступить к выполнению заданий.
Как работать с методическими рекомендациями
самостоятельно
Чтобы найти интересующую Вас тему, просмотрите оглавление, содержащее заголовки текстов. Если тему по оглавлению найти трудно, воспользуйтесь списком экзаменационных тем и соответствующих им текстов.
Для более эффективной работы с текстом, необходимо следовать рекомендациям:
- прочитайте текст; при чтении и переводе текста удобно пользоваться тематическим словарем, приводимым после каждого текста;
- после того, как Вы ознакомитесь с содержанием текста и усвоите словарь, попробуйте ответить на вопросы. Если это сделать трудно, обратитесь к тексту;
- пересказывать каждый текст следует не менее двух раз. При первом пересказе воспользуйтесь не самим текстом, а словарем к нему. Словарь составлен в том порядке, в котором слова встречаются в тексте;
- второй раз текст следует пересказывать, закрыв книгу. Если это не получается, вернитесь к предыдущему пункту.
ТЕМЫ, ВЫНОСИМЫЕ НА ЭКЗАМЕН
Т opic 1
Place where I live
First of all I want to tell you some words about the building where our flat is located. It is nine – storied apartment house in the south – west of the city. There is a park not far from my house. I live on the fourth floor in three – room flat. There is a living – room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, a large kitchen and a hall.
The living – room with a wall – size window facing the park is quite large. In this room there is a furniture unit, a TV – set, a video – recorder and a tape – recorder here. On the walls there are some pictures. A thick carpet covers the floor. We spend every evening in this room. We watch TV, listen to the music or discuss the problems of the day.
My bedrooms are rather large. There are two beds, a mirror on the wall, a wardrobe some book-shelves, two chairs and a table with a computer on it in my bedrooms.
Also I want to tell you about my kitchen and my bathroom.
Our kitchen is large. In the kitchen there is a gas stove, a fridge, a sink with two taps on it, a cupboard, a table and six stools there.
The bathroom is very cosy too. There is a bath, a washbasin with hot and cold water there. I often invite my friends to my flat. And everybody feels at home here.
I like my flat very much. There is no place like home.
Topical Vocabulary
| first of all |
прежде всего |
| to be located |
располагаться |
| nine – storied apartment |
девятиэтажный дом |
| to live on the fourth floor |
жить на четвертом этаже |
| three – room flat |
трехкомнатная квартира |
| hall |
прихожая |
| furniture unit |
мебельный гарнитур |
| to spend evening |
проводить вечер |
| to listen to the music |
слушать музыку |
| to discuss the problems |
обсуждать проблемы |
| a wardrobe |
платяной шкаф |
| book-shelves |
книжные полки |
| a gas stove |
газовая плита |
| a sink with two taps |
кран с холодной и горячей водой |
| cosy |
удобный |
| to invite my friends |
приглашать друзей |
| to feel at home |
чувствовать себя как дома |
| to like |
нравится |
Questions
1. Where do you live?
2. What floor do you live on?
3. How many rooms are there in your flat?
4. What is there in the living room?
5. What is there in your bedroom?
6. Is the kitchen large or small?
7. Do you like your flat?
Т opic 2
My native town
My native town is Astrakhan.
It was founded in the16-th century in 1558.
Astrakhan is a beautiful town. It stands on the banks of the river Volga.
Every year thousands of tourists come to my native town. They come to visit the historical places of our town. The symbol of our town is the Kremlin. It is the most beautiful and famous place in our town.
Astrakhan is a fast – growing town. There are some big plants and factories here.
Astrakhan also is a big cultural center. It has many universities, schools and technical colleges.
The city has rich cultural traditions. There are many famous museums, art galleries, theatres, cinemas, parks in my native town.
In Astrakhan you can visit the Puppet Theatre, the Philharmonic Society, the Drama Theatre, the Picture Gallery and many others.
I love my town and I am proud to be its citizen.
Topical Vocabulary
| native town |
родной город |
| to be founded |
быть основанным |
| a beautiful town |
красивый город |
| to stand on the banks of the river |
располагаться на берегах реки |
| thousands of tourists |
Тысячи туристов |
| to visit |
посещать |
| historical places |
исторические места |
| symbol |
символ |
| a fast – growing |
быстрорастущий (быстроразвивающийся) |
| plant |
завод |
| a big cultural center |
большой культурный центр |
| technical college |
технический колледж |
| art galleries |
художественная галерея |
| Puppet Theatre |
кукольный театр |
| Philharmonic Society |
филармония |
| Drama Theatre |
драматический театр |
| Picture Gallery |
картинная галерея |
| to be proud |
гордиться |
| citizen |
гражданин |
Questions
1. What is your native town?
2. When was your native town founded?
3. What is the symbol of your town?
4. Is Astrakhan a fast – growing town?
5. Are there many parks, museums and theatres in it?
6. What places can you visit in your native town?
7. Are you proud to be the citizen of your native town?
Т opic 3
Russia
At 17,075,400 square kilometers, Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area; with 142 million people, it is the ninth largest by population. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a great range of environments and landforms. Russia has the worlds greatest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower. It has the worlds largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the worlds unfrozen fresh water.
According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Russia is a federation and formally a semi-presidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which serves as the countrys supreme legal document and as a social contract for the people of the Russian Federation.
Russia has the worlds largest natural gas reserves, the second largest coal reserves and the eighth largest oil reserves. It is the worlds leading natural gas exporter and the second leading oil exporter. Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of Russian exports abroad. Since 2003, however, exports of natural resources started decreasing in economic importance as the internal market strengthened considerably. Despite higher energy prices, oil and gas only contribute to 5.7% of Russias GDP and the government predicts this will drop to 3.7% by 2011. Russia is also considered well ahead of most other resource-rich countries in its economic development, with a long tradition of education, science, and industry. The country has more higher education graduates than any other country in Europe.
Vocabulary
| cover |
Охватывать, накрывать |
| population |
население |
| environment |
Окружающая среда |
| to be considered |
Считаться к-л., ч.-л. |
| adopt |
принимать |
| head of state |
Глава государства |
| democracy |
демократия |
| Executive power |
Исполнительная власть |
| Legislative power |
Законодательная власть |
| define |
Определять, обозначать |
| coal reserves |
Запасы угля |
| timber |
лесоматериалы |
| decrease |
Уменьшаться, убывать |
| strengthen |
усиливать |
| Despite |
Несмотря на |
| contribute |
Содействовать, способствовать |
| economic development |
Экономическое развитие |
| graduate |
Выпускник высшего учебного заведения |
Questions:
1. What territory does Russia occupy?
2. What is the population of Russia?
3. Russia is considered an energy superpower, isn’t it?
4. What is the political system in Russia?
5. How is the Russian Federation structured?
6. How is executive power exercised?
7. How is the government regulated?
8. What resources is the Russian Federation rich in?
9. Why did exports of natural resources start decreasing since 2003?
10. Russia has more higher education graduates than any other country in Europe, doesn’t it?
Т opic 4
Great Britain
Great Britain is the larger of the two main islands of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is also the second richest island in the world (after Japan) with the worlds 5th largest economy and 58 million people. It lies to the northwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland to the west, and makes up the largest part of the territory of the country known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets.
England, Scotland and Wales are mostly situated on the island, along with their capital cities, London, Edinburgh and Cardiff respectively. The earliest known name of Great Britain is Albion () or insula Albionum , from either the Latin albus meaning white. The population of the United Kingdom is over 57 mln. The majority of the British population lives in cities and towns. The country is washed by the North and Irish Seas, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power. It possesses some mineral resources: coal, iron ores, oil, gas, and some metals. The country is known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment.
Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The official language of the state is English. The national symbol of the UK is “Union Jack” – the British state flag having 3 white and red crosses on the dark blue field. The weave of crosses symbolizes power and might.
Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch – Queen Elizabeth 2 – as the head of the State. Queen’s power is limited by the Parliament. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in Britain and the Prime Minister is the virtual ruler of the country.
Parliament comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen in her Constitutional role.
Government in Britain since 1945 has alternated between only 2 political parties, the Conservatives and the Labor party.
Vocabulary
| to be surrounded |
быть окруженным |
| known as |
известный как |
| mostly |
по большей части, главным образом |
| respectively |
соответственно, в указанном порядке |
| the earliest known name |
самое раннее известное название |
| The Irish Sea |
Ирландское море |
| the English Channel |
Ла-Манш |
| To possess |
обладать, владеть |
| aircraft |
авиация |
| cross |
крест |
| might |
могущество, мощь |
| democracy |
демократия |
| the head of the State |
глава государства |
| to be limited |
быть ограниченным |
| the supreme legislative authority |
верховная законодательная власть |
| to comprise |
включать, заключать в себе |
| the House of Commons |
Палата общин |
| the House of Lords |
Палата Лордов |
Questions
1. What is the official name of Great Britain?
2. Where is the United Kingdom situated?
3. What is the population of the Great Britain?
4. What are the seas and the oceans Great Britain is washed by? (What seas and oceans is Great Britain washed by?)
5. Great Britain is a highly developed country, isn’t it? What goods does it produce?
6. What is the national symbol of the UK? What does it symbolize?
7. What is the political system of Great Britain?
8. Is the power of the Queen limited by Parliament?
9. What does Parliament comprise?
10. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?
Т opic 5
The economy of the United Kingdom
The economy of the United Kingdom is the fifth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). It is the second largest economy in Europe after Germanys. Its GDP PPP per capita in 2007 is the 22nd highest in the world.
The United Kingdom is one of the worlds most globalised countries. The capital, London, is the major financial centre of the world, in front of New York City, Hong Kong and Singapore according to a report compiled by the City of London.
The British economy is made up (in descending order of size) of the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK became a member state of the European Community, in 1973, and ratified the Maastricht Treaty making it a European Union state, at the inception of the EU in 1993.
In the 1980s, under the Government of Margaret Thatcher, most state-owned enterprises in the industrial and service sectors, which since the 1940s had been nationalized, were privatized. The British Government now owns very few industries or businesses - Royal Mail is one example.
The United Kingdom, according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2007 had the ninth highest level of GDP per capita in the European Union in terms of purchasing power parity, after Luxembourg, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium and Finland. However, in common with the economies of other English-speaking countries, it has higher levels of income inequality than many European countries.
During August 2008 the IMF has warned that the UK economic outlook has worsened due to a twin shock: financial turmoil as well as rising commodity prices. Both developments harm the UK more than most developed countries, as the UK obtains revenue from exporting financial services while recording deficits in finished goods and commodities, including food.
The UK has the worlds third largest current account deficit, despite significant oil revenues. This is mainly the result of a large deficit in the trade in manufacture goods. During May 2008, the IMF adviced the UK government to broaden the scope of fiscal policy to promote external balance.
Although the UKs labour productivity per person employed has been progressing well over the last two decades and has overtaken productivity in the united Germany, it lags around 20% behind Frances level, where workers have a 35-hour working week. The UKs labour productivity per hour worked is currently on a par with the average for the old EU (15 countries).
The United Kingdom currently ranks 16th on the Human Development Index.
Vocabulary
| Globalised |
объединенный |
| Report |
сообщение |
| Descending |
спуск |
| Maastricht Treaty |
Соглашение Маастрихта |
| State-owned |
Принадлежащий государству |
| Chronic weak growth |
Хронически слабый рост |
| Few industries |
Некоторые отрасли промышленности |
| Sustained Unemployment |
Длительный Безработица |
| Remain relatively low |
Остались относительно низкими |
| Monetary |
Денежно-кредитный |
| Inequality |
неравенство |
| Outlook |
перспектива |
| Worsened |
ухудшенный |
| Rising |
повышение |
| Harm |
вред |
| Average |
Среднее число |
| Although |
хотя |
| privatised |
приватизированный |
Questions:
1. What is GDP PPP of the United Kingdom per capita?
2. When did the UK become a member state of the European Community? When did it ratify the Maastricht Treaty?
3. Are there many state-owned enterprises in the industrial and service sectors of Great Britain?
4. What is the level of GDP of the UK per capita according to the International Monetary Fund?
5. Why did the UK economic outlook worsen in August 2008?
6. Why does the UK have the worlds third largest current account deficit?
7. What is the UKs labour productivity per person employed
8. What is the current UKs labour productivity per hour worked?
Т opic 6
The United States of America
The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait, and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories, or insular areas, scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km) and with more than 300 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world. The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they jointly issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.
The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio – engineering and others.
The United States is the worlds oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic. It is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy, though U.S. citizens residing in the territories are excluded from voting for federal officials. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the United States Constitution, which serves as the countrys supreme legal document and as a social contract for the people of the United States. In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local.
Vocabulary
| Constitutional |
Конституционный |
| Contiguous |
Прилегающий |
| Border |
Граничить |
| Archipelago |
Архипелаг |
| Possess |
Обладать, владеть |
| Insular |
Островная |
| Scattered |
Разбросанные |
| Area |
Площадь |
| Jointly |
Совместно |
| Issue |
Издавать |
| Proclaim |
Провозглашать |
| Independence |
Независимость |
| Develop |
Развивать |
| Agricultural |
Сельскохозяйственный |
| Aircraft |
Авиация |
| Rocket |
Ракета |
| Fundamentally |
Основная |
| supreme |
Верховный |
Questions
1. Where is the United States of America situated?
2. What countries does it border?
3. What is the territory of the US?
4. What is the population of the US?
5. Why is the USA called the “melting pot”?
6. How was the USA founded?
7. What are the main industrial branches of the US?
8. What is the political system of the USA?
9. How is the government regulated?
10. What are the three levels of government citizens are usually subject to?
Т opic 7
Economy of the United States
| National economic indicators |
|
| Unemployment |
6.1%August 2008 |
| GDP growth |
1.9%2Q 2008 (2.2%)2007 |
| CPI inflation |
5.6%July 2007–July 2008 |
| National debt |
$9.646 trillionAugust 29, 2008 |
| Poverty |
12.5%2007 |
The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. According to the International Monetary Fund, the United States GDP of more than $13 trillion constitutes over 25.5% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP). The largest national GDP in the world, it was slightly less than the combined GDP of the European Union at PPP in 2006. The country ranks eighth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and fourth in GDP per capita at PPP. The United States is the largest importer of goods and third largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners. The leading export commodity is electrical machinery, while vehicles constitute the leading import.
The private sector constitutes the bulk of the economy, with government activity accounting for 12.4% of GDP. The economy is postindustrial, with the service sector contributing 67.8% of GDP. The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is finance and insurance. The United States remains an industrial power, with chemical products the leading manufacturing field. The United States is the third largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its largest importer. It is the worlds number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. While agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP, the United States is the worlds top producer of corn and soybeans. The countrys leading cash crop is marijuana, despite federal laws making its cultivation and sale illegal. The New York Stock Exchange is the worlds largest by dollar volume. Coca-Cola and McDonalds are the two most recognized brands in the world.
Vocabulary
| abundant natural resources |
Обильные природные ресурсы |
| International Monetary Fund |
Международный валютный фонд |
| GDP |
Внутренний валовой продукт |
| purchasing power parity (PPP) |
Покупательная сила валют |
| slightly less than |
Намного меньше чем |
| rank |
Занимать к-л. место |
| per capita |
На душу |
| importer |
Импортер |
| relatively low |
Относительно низкий |
| leading export commodity |
Ведущий экспортный товар |
| vehicles |
Транспортные средства |
| private sector |
Частный сектор |
| postindustrial |
Постиндустриальная |
| wholesale |
Оптовая торговля |
| retail trade |
Розничная продажа |
| nuclear energy |
Ядерная энергия |
| sulfur |
Сера |
| soybeans |
Соя |
Questions:
1. What type of economy does the United States have?
2. What is the United States GDP?
3. What are top trading partners of the USA?
4. What is the leading export commodity? What is the leading import commodity?
5. What constitutes the bulk of the economy?
6. Does the United States produce oil or import it?
7. What does the USA produce?
8. The United States is the worlds top producer of corn and soybeans, isn’t it?
9. Is the cultivation and sale of marijuana legal in this country?
10. What are the two most recognized US brands in the world?
Т opic 8
Bank
A banker or bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money.
The first modern bank was founded in Italy in Genoa in 1406, its name was Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George).
Many other financial activities were added over time. For example banks are important players in financial markets and offer financial services such as investment funds.
Banks have influenced economies and politics for centuries. Historically, the primary purpose of a bank was to provide loans to trading companies. Banks provided funds to allow businesses to purchase inventory, and collected those funds back with interest when the goods were sold. For centuries, the banking industry only dealt with businesses, not consumers. Banking services have expanded to include services directed at individuals, and risks in these much smaller transactions are pooled.
Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphic transfer, EFTROS, and ATM.
Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current account, accepting term deposits and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current account, by making installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.
Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account.
Vocabulary
| Banker |
Банкир |
| Financial institution |
Финансовое учреждение |
| Borrow |
Заимствовать |
| Founded |
Основан |
| Added |
Добавлены |
| Important players |
Важные игроки |
| Services |
Услуги |
| Investment funds |
Инвестиционный фонд |
| Primary owners |
Прямые владельцы |
| Non-financial |
Нематериальные |
| Holding |
Холдинг |
| Insurance services |
Страховые услуги |
| Primary purpose |
Первичная цель |
| Term deposits |
Депозиты срока |
| Bonds |
Облигации |
| Government |
Правительство |
| Household |
Хозяйство |
| Lender |
Кредитор |
Questions:
1. What is a bank?
2. When and where was the first modern bank founded? What was its name?
3. What was the primary purpose of a bank historically?
4. How do banks act?
5. How do banks borrow money?
6. How do banks lend money?
7. Why is a bank account considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments?
8. Why are non-banks that provide payment services not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account?
Т opic 9
Types of banks and economic functions
Banks activities can be divided into retail banking, dealing directly with individuals and small businesses; business banking, providing services to mid-market business; corporate banking, directed at large business entities; private banking, providing wealth management services to High Net Worth Individuals and families; and investment banking, relating to activities on the financial markets. Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by government, or are non-profits.
Central banks are normally government owned banks, often charged with quasi-regulatory responsibilities, e.g. supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash interest rate. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as Lender of last resort in event of a crisis.
The economic functions of banks include:
1. issue of money, in the form of banknotes and current accounts subject to cheque or payment at the customers order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable and/or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par and effectively transferable by mere delivery in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a cheque, delivering it to the payee to bank or cash.
2. netting and settlement of payments -- banks act both as collection agent and paying agents for customers, and participate in inter-bank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economise on reserves held for settlement of payments, since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables payment flows between geographical areas to offset, reducing the cost of settling payments between geographical areas.
3. credit intermediation -- banks borrow and lend back-to-back on their own account as middle men
4. credit quality improvement -- banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the banks assets and the banks own capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its own obligations. However, since banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured, if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security to try to get the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position.
5. maturity transformation -- banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long term loans. Bank can do this because they can aggregate issues (e.g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e.g. withdrawals and redemptions of banknotes), maintain reserves of cash, invest in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raise replacement funding as needed from various sources (e.g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets) because they have a high and more well known credit quality than most other borrowers.
Vocabulary
| Banknotes |
банкноты |
| Current |
Текущие |
| Account |
Счет |
| Payment |
Платеж |
| Claim |
Требование |
| Negotiable |
Проходимый |
| Transferable |
Допускающий передачу |
| Dilivery |
Доставлять |
| Participate |
Участвовать |
| Lend |
Давать взаймы |
| Improvement |
Улучшение |
| Diversification |
Разнообразие |
| Assets |
Активы |
| Absorb |
Поглощать |
| Losses |
Потери |
| Security |
Гарантия, безопасность |
| Holder |
Владелец |
| loans |
Ссуда |
Questions:
1. How can banks activities be divided? What do they deal with? (Dwell on each item.)
2. What are quasi-regulatory responsibilities of central banks?
3. How do central banks act in event of a crisis?
4. What do the economic functions of banks include?
5. In what form do banks issue money?
6. What is netting and settlement of payments? (Dwell on netting and settlement of payments)
7. What is credit intermediation? (Dwell on credit intermediation)
8. What is credit quality improvement? (Dwell on credit quality improvement)
9. What is maturity transformation? (Dwell on maturity transformation)
Т opic 10
Management
Management in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.
Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.
The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later mnagement ) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as the art of getting things done through people. One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach ones intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Frenchman Henri Fayol considers management to consist of five functions:
1. planning
2. organizing
3. leading
4. co-ordinating
5. controlling
Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase management is what managers do occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.
One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to business administration and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments which teach management as business schools. Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term management.
Speakers of English may also use the term management or the management as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term was often contrasted with the term Labor referring to those being managed.
Basic functions of management
Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating and controlling.
- Planning : deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action.(What to do?)
- Organizing : (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.
- Staffing : Job Analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individual for appropriate job.
- Leading/Motivating : exhibiting skills in these areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans.(To make individual work willingly in the organization)
- Controlling: monitoring -- checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback.
Vocabulary
| accomplish |
Совершать, достигать, совершенствовать |
| goal |
Цель, задача |
| encompass |
Окружать, заключать |
| perform |
Исполнять, выполнять |
| measuring |
Измеряя |
| quantity |
Количество |
| narrow |
Узкий, тесный, подробный |
| existence |
Существование, наличие, существо |
| charity |
Милосердие, благотворительность |
| refer |
Направлять, обращаться |
| employ |
Служба, работа по найму, нанимать |
| corporation |
Корпорация, акционерное общество |
| various |
Различный, разный |
| optimum |
Наиболее благоприятные условия |
| recruitment |
Набор, пополнение |
| staffing |
Укомплектовывать штаты |
| skill |
Искусство, мастерство |
| feedback |
Обратная связь |
Questions:
1. What is management?
2. What does management comprise?
3. What does resourcing encompass?
4. Where does the word “management” come from?
5. How did Mary Parker Follett define management?
6. What functions does management consist of according to Frenchman Henri Fayol?
7. What does the phrase management is what managers do mean?
8. Can the term “management” be used as equivalent to business administration?
9. How does management operate?
10. What is planning? (Dwell on this item.)
11. What is organizing? (Dwell on this item.)
12. What is staffing? (Dwell on this item.)
13. What is leading/motivating? (Dwell on this item.)
14. What is controlling? (Dwell on this item.)
Т opic 11
Contract
A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law. Contract law is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (pacts must be kept). Breach of contract is recognised by the law and remedies can be provided. Almost everyone enters into contracts every day. Sometimes written contracts are required, such as when buying a house. However, most contracts can be and are made orally, like buying a law textbook, or purchasing coffee at a shop. Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations (along with tort, unjust enrichment or restitution).
According to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond, a contract is an agreement creating and defining the obligations between two or more parties.
The most important feature of a contract is that one party makes an offer for an arrangement that another accepts. This can be called a concurrence of wills or ad idem (meeting of the minds) of two or more parties. There must be evidence that the parties had each from an objective perspective engaged in conduct manifesting their assent, and a contract will be formed when the parties have met such a requirement. An objective perspective means that it is only necessary that somebody gives the impression of offering or accepting contractual terms in the eyes of a reasonable person, not that they actually did want to form a contract.
Contrary to common wisdom, an informal exchange of promises can still be binding and legally as valid as a written contract. A spoken contract should be called an oral contract, which might be considered a subset of verbal contracts. Any contract that uses words, spoken or written, is a verbal contract. Thus, all oral contracts and written contracts are verbal contracts. This is in contrast to a non-verbal, non-oral contract, also known as a contract implied by the acts of the parties, which can be either implied in fact or implied in law.
Vocabulary
| exchange |
обмен |
| promise |
обещание |
| refrain |
воздерживаться |
| breach |
нарушение |
| remedy |
Средство судебной защиты |
| habitual |
обычный |
| obligations |
обязательства |
| important feature |
Важная особенность |
| offer |
предложение |
| arrangement |
Соглашение, договоренность |
| evidence |
Основание, очевидность |
| requirement |
Требование, необходимое условие |
| wisdom |
мудрость |
| valid |
Действительный, имеющий силу |
| consider |
Рассматривать, обсуждать |
| imply |
Значить, подразумевать |
| enforceable |
Осуществимый, обеспечиваемый |
| thus |
Так, таким образом |
Questions:
1. What is a contract?
2. What Latin phrase is contract law based on?
3. Is breach of contract recognized by the law?
4. How can contracts be made?
5. How can contract law be classified?
6. What is a contract according to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond?
7. What is a concurrence of wills?
8. What does an objective perspective mean?
9. Can an informal exchange of promises be binding and legally as valid as a written contract?
10. What is a verbal contract?
11. What is a non-verbal, non-oral contract?
Примеры статей для перевода на экзамене
Исходя из того, что одной из форм контроля знаний студентов является ознакомление с содержанием текста статьи по экономической тематике и изложение его содержания на русском языке, ниже приводятся статьи объемом 1500 печатных знаков, которые будут представлены на экзамене по английскому языку.
Работа с текстом статьи предполагает выполнение ряда требования:
- понять общее содержание всего текста;
- прочитать и письменно перевести указанный выделенный курсивом отрывок (600 печ. знаков) со словарем за 35 минут;
- вести беседу с преподавателем на иностранном языке по пройденным темам устной речи.
MARKETS
The function of a market requires that both parties expect to become better off as a result of the transaction. Markets are efficient when the price of a good or service attracts as much demand as the market can currently supply. The chief function of a market is to adjust prices to accommodate fluctuations in supply and demand. An economic system in which goods and services are exchanged by market functions is called a market economy. An alternative economic system in which non-market forces determine prices is called planned economy or command economy. The attempt to combine socialist ideals with the incentive system of a market is known as market socialism.
There are various types of markets and organizational structures to assist their functions. A market can be organized as an auction, as a shopping center, as a complex institution such as a stock market, and as an informal discussion between two individuals.
In economics, a market that runs under laissez-faire policies is a free market. It is “free” in the sense that the government makes no attempt to intervene through taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, etc. Markets may be distorted by a seller or sellers with monopoly power, or a buyer with monophony power. The level of organization or negotiation power of buyers, markedly affects the functioning of the market. Markets where price negotiations do not arrive at efficient outcomes for both sides are said to experience market failure.
‘Market’, Wikipedia
TIPS FOR A YOUNG MANAGER
The first steps to becoming a really great manager are simply common sense; but common sense is not very common. The major problem when you start to manage is that you do not actually think about management issues because you do not recognize them. Things normally go wrong not because you are stupid but only because you have never thought about it. Management is about pausing to ask yourself the right questions so that your common sense can provide the answers.
When you gain managerial responsibility, your first option is to do what is expected of you. You are new at the job, so people will understand. You can learn (slowly) by your mistakes and probably you will try to devote as much time as possible to the rest of your work (which is what your were good at anyway) . Those extra little “management” problems are just common sense, so try to deal with them when they come up.
Your second option is far more exciting: find an empty telephone box, put on a cape and bright-red underpants, and become a Super Manager. When you become a manager, you gain control over your own work; not all of it, but some of it. You can change things. You can do things differently. You actually have the authority to make a huge impact upon the way in which your staff works. You can shape your own work environment.
‘What makes a great manager’, www. project-management-blog.com/2006/05/
CITY GOVERNMENT
City government is a system of governmental institutions that serve an urban area or urban municipality. Modern cities are almost always contained within the boundaries of national states, and their governments form parts of a larger constitutional regime that usually includes state or provincial governments and a national government.
A city government’s most important functions are to provide law enforcement and fire prevention; elementary and secondary education; water supply, sewage, and refuse collection and disposal; construction, maintenance, and lighting of the streets; regulation of building safety and housing standards; the provision of public housing; various welfare services for the needy; health protection, medical care environmental services. Cities also provide museums, parks, playgrounds, and other recreational facilities. Public-utility services that supply water, electricity, gas, and public transport may be provided by a city government or by commercial companies regulated by the government.
City planning is another important function. City governments typically achieve their land-planning goals by enacting zoning laws that govern the use of land and buildings, the density of population, and the height, bulk, and spacing of structures. Planning also involves the use of subdivision controls, which subject the initial laying-out of vacant land to public regulation.
‘City Government’, Encyclopedia Britannica
Рекомендуемая литература для подготовки к экзамену
Основная литература
1. Русско-английский экономический словарь: Более 80000 терминов и терминологических словосочетаний /Под общ. Ред. Жданова И.Ф. – Русский язык - Медиа, 2007. ISBN: 978-5-9576-0323-8
2. Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И. Английский для экономистов. –Ростов н/Д., Феникс 2008. ISBN 978-5-222-13774-1
3. Глушенкова Е.В.Элементарный английский для экономистов. – М., АСТ. 2005. ISBN: 5-17-026227-2
4. Никитаев С.Н. Английский язык для специальных целей. – М.,Айрис-пресс. – М.,2007.
Дополнительная литература
1. Буданов С.И., Борисова А.А. Деловой английский язык. – М.: Эксмо, 2008.
2. Цветкова Т.К. Грамматика английского языка. Упражнения с ключами: уч. пособие. – М.: ТК Велби, Изд-во Проспект, 2007. Английский для юристов: Учебное пособие для вузов, Шевелева С.А., М.: Юнити-Дана, 2005.
3. Большой современный англо-русский, русско-английский словарь: 170 000 слов, Сиротина Т.А., М.: БАО-Пресс, 2005.
Библиографический список
1. Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И. Английский для экономистов. –Ростов н/Д., Феникс 2008. – 413с. ISBN 978-5-222-13774-1
2. Глушенкова Е.В.Элементарный английский для экономистов. – М., АСТ. 2005. – 158с. ISBN: 5-17-026227-2
3. Занина. Е.Л. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. – М.: Рольф, 1997. – 320с. ISBN 5-7836-0029-6.
Интернет-источники:
1. www. project-management-blog.com/2006/05/
2. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
3. http://www.britannica.com/